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Lushan National Park,
UNESCO site
Date of Insscription: 1996
Mount Lushan is located in
Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province. The property area of Lushan National Park
occupies a total area of 30,200 hectaresand its highest Peak, Hanyang Peak, is
1,474 meters above sea level. Bordered on the north by the Yangtze River and on
the south by Poyang Lake, Mount Lushan presents an integral scene of river,
hills and lake, the beauty of which has attracted spiritual leaders, scholars,
artists and writers for over 2,000 years. More than 200 historic buildings are
located in the Lushan National Park; complexes of prayer halls that have been
rebuilt and extended many times to create an ongoing centre for study and
religion. These include the Buddhist East Grove Temple complex begun by Huiyuan
in 386 CE; the West Grove Pagoda begun around 730 CE; the Temple of Simplicity
and Tranquility built during the Tang dynasty as the repository of Taoist
scriptures, and the White Deer Cave Academy originally established in 940 CE
and revived in the late 12th century during the Song dynasty when Zhu Xi
instigated the spread of Confucius’ political and ethical teaching. This
complex continued to be extended up to the 19th century to include many
temples, study halls and libraries. Other important features include the stone
single-span Guan Ying Bridge of 1,015 CE and more than 900 inscriptions on
cliffs and stone tablets. In addition there are around 600 villas built by
Chinese and foreign visitors in the late 19th and 20th centuries, when the area
became a popular resort and was, during the 1930s and 40s the official Summer
Capital of the Republic of China. The
villas reflect various architectural fashions and are laid out within the
landscape in accordance with Western planning concepts prevalent at the time.
Mount Lushan has an important
place in Chinese history and culture. It is an outstanding representative of
Chinese landscape culture, as well as a remarkable model of Chinese
academy-based education, and a focal point for the integration of Chinese and
Western cultures, once acting as the cultural center of southern China. The
significant cultural developments and political events occurring over the
course of Lushan’s history have influenced the course of Chinese history.
The natural beauty of Lushan is
perfectly integrated with its historic buildings and features, creating a
unique cultural landscape which embodies outstanding aesthetic value powerfully
associated with Chinese spiritual and cultural life. Combining nature and culture, Mount Lushan
represents the Chinese national spirit and epitomizes its cultural life.
Criterion (ii): The building and
layout of temples and educational buildings within the scenic landscape at
Lushan have created a cultural landscape exhibiting an interchange of values
over a long period from the Han dynasty in the late 3rd century BCE through to
the early 20th century.
Criterion (iii): The Lushan
landscape has inspired philosophy and art. The selective and sensitive
integration of high quality cultural properties into this landscape is
exceptional testimony to Chinese appreciation of the harmonious interaction of
natural beauty and culture.
Criterion (iv): The group of
ancient buildings at the White Deer Cave Academy represents the architectural
model for Chinese traditional academies. Guanyin Bridge, a stone arch bridge
with a rabbet and mortise structure, has played a very important role in
Chinese bridge building. The groups of modern villas are a testament to the
penetration of Western culture into China’s hinterlands in the late 19thcentury
to the middle of the 20th century.
Criterion (vi): Huiyuan, who
created the Pure Land Sect of Buddhism at Lushan’s Donglin Temple, inaugurated
an era of the localization of Buddhism in China. Zhu Xi revitalized the White
Deer Cave Academy, making it the model for the popularization of Song and Ming
Dynasty Confucian idealist philosophy and the model of academy-based education.
His influence continued over 700 years of Chinese history after the Song
Dynasty. The Confucian idealist philosophy as interpreted by Zhu Xi, and his
educational pattern, spread as far as Japan, Korea, Indonesia and elsewhere,
and has played a very important role in the global history of education.
Source: unesco.org
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